The singer is thinking about past possibilities with her lost love. Listen to this song by 1980s teen pop star Tiffany. I could have gone directly to college, but I decided to travel for a year. Could have means that something was possible in the past, but it did not happen. We’ll look at each of them using examples from movies and popular songs. He should have told the truth about what he saw.Įach of these modals has a slightly different meaning. I would have gone to the party, but I was tired. She could have gone to any college she wanted to. Use have for all pronouns never use has or had to form a past modal. To form these past modals, use could, would, or should followed by have, followed by a past participle verb. Past modals tell what could have, would have, and should have happened. The simple past just tells what happened. These past tense modals are useful for expressing your present feelings about a past decision (or other action).Ĭould have, would have, and should have are sometimes called “modals of lost opportunities.” They work like a grammatical time machine. Today we will take a look at the modal verbs could have, would have and should have. So in this research the researcher found that misformation errors were the highest.From VOA Learning English, this is Everyday Grammar. It was known that the highest frequency of errors based on Surface Strategy Taxonomy is misformation errors 82.07%, followed by misordering errors 12.57%, addition errors are 4.40% and omission errors are 0.94%. The whole errors from students’ writing are 318 errors. From the research, the researcher found some errors in simple sentence writing made by students at the eleventh grade of SMAN 13 Bandar Lampung.

Then, the researcher identifying and classifying them into the types of errors based on Surface Strategy Taxonomy, calculating frequency and percentage, and then displaying the data. In collecting the data, the researcher used the instrument in form of writing test. The sample was taken from one class XI IPA2 consisted of 34 students. The population of this research was the students of SMAN 13 Bandar Lampung in 2013/2014 academic year. The data were taken from students’ writing test.

The research methodology used was descriptive qualitative method. The objective of this research is to find out and describe the types of error in making modal auxiliary based on surface strategy taxonomy and the proportions (frequency and percentage) that occur at the eleventh grade of SMAN 13 Bandar Lampung in 2013/2014 academic year. ABSTRACT Grammar is rules in making sentence well or rules to make our statements clear and meaningful.

Modal verbs past tense exercises pdf